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Documentation for Research
MLA
(with reference to APA)
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Formats for documentation= :
•   There are a number of diff= erent methods of citation/documentation.  This program will focus on the Modern Language Association (MLA) format, used prim= arily for the Humanities.&n= bsp; The American Psychological Association (APA) format includes a date and is often used with the sciences.
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Parenthetical citations:<= /div>
• Citations are placed in parentheses within the text for most formats.  = ;
• For MLA, the parenthetical citation will include the aut= hor and the page number (if there is a page number).
• For APA, the parenthetical citation will include the aut= hor, the date, and the page number (if there is a page number).=
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Types of documentation=
•= MLA—Author page (Brown 76)
•= APA—Author, date, page (Brown, 2001, p. 76)=
•= Chicago—old-fashioned footnotes with superscript numbers
•= CBE—Council of Biology Editors (Citation-Sequence  system with superscript numbers or Name-Year system)
•= Etc—journal formats, teacher formats, myste= ry formats
•
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Information that must = be cited
•Quotations—using exact words of someone <= /span>else •Summarie= s—taking something long and simplifying it to a short form = •Paraphra= ses—restating something for clarity
•
•
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Purpose of using citat= ions
•To establish owners= hip of ideas and properly credit •To separate your id= eas from those of other sources
<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.71%'>•To avoid plagiarism
<= span style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•
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Citing summaries and paraphrases
•Begin summary or paraphrase with the author’s name in the text to indicate where the summary or paraphrase begins.  The page number (for printed material) serves as the marker for where the summary o= r paraphrase ends.
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<= span style=3D'font-size:91%'>Using summaries and paraphrases by = starting with author and ending with page reference
Some people believe that extraterrestrial beings live among humans.  Mandelker, for example,  stat= es that some peopl= e are born extraterrestrials but have no knowledge of this until they slowly begi= n to become aware (2).  T= he shock of this discovery could be very disorienti= ng.
<= /span>
APA:  = Mandelker = (1995), for example, stated that. .  . become aware (p. 2).
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Note
Citati= ons serve as a guide to the Works Cited list (MLA) or References list (APA), so the first item in th= e parenthetical citation should match the first ite= m in the list citation.
Mandelker, for ex= ample, states . . . (2).
MLA
Mandelker, Scott.=   From Elsewhere. New York:  Birch
Lane Press, 1995.
APA
Mandelker, = S. (1995). From elsewhere. New York:
Birch Lane Press.
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More . . . .
David M. Jacobs reports that all o= f the aliens of this type look basically the same.  People don’t report any emotional or physical characteristics that help them to distin= guish one from another (223).
APA:  David M. Jacobs (1992) reported = that . . . one from another (p. 223).
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Note
Note:  In APA, the= date always stays with the author’s name—whether in the text or citation.=   The author’s name is most often in the text. 
MLA uses present tense for introducing statements= .
    Brown rep= orts . . . .
APA uses past tense or present perfect for introducing statements.
    Brown (1995) reported . . . .
    Smith (2001) has stated . . . .
= ;
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Summaries and paraphrases=
• If a summary or paraphrase includes any distinctive term= s, phrases, or sentences that are identical to the original, tho= se parts of the summary or paraphrase must be in quotation marks.  It’s important= to always double-check the text to make sure that you have quoted properly.
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Using summary with some words quoted
Some people believe that extraterrestrial beings live among humans.  There is good evide= nce, according to Mandekler, that “Wanderers,” l= ive among us but are “extraterrestrials from birth” and have forgotten their origins and “live under a kind of veil” = until they slowly begin to become aware (2).  The shock of this = discovery = could be very disorienting.
Not= e:  The citation is placed before the ending punctuation. 
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Note
Material that is summarized but uses words from the original text wi= thout quotation marks is considered plagiarized even though the summary may be cited properly otherwise.  Always check summaries against <= /span>the original source to see if some parts need to be quoted.
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= Using i= nline quotation of complete statement with author in text and introdu= cing verb (notes, says, admits, reports, etc) with comma<= /span>
= Some people believe that extraterrestrial beings live = among huma= ns. Mandelker reports, “ I use the word Wandere= rs to describ= e those E.T. souls who have been extraterrestrial since birth, but who’ve forgotten who they are and live under a kind of veil of the= ir true being, and then slowly—if they’re fortunate—begin to awaken” (2).  <= /span>= The shock = of this discovery could be very disorienting.
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Test for introducing v= erbs
You sh= ould be able to add “that” and do an indirect statement for those quotations you precede with a= comma.
      Brown sa= ys, “I don’t believe in UFOs.”
      Brown sa= ys that he doesn’t believe in UFO’s.
      Brown qu= estions all of the information he reads:
     “I  don’t believe in UFOs.”
      Brown qu= estions all of the information he reads
       th= at he doesn’t believe in UFOs.  [Nope!  Doesn’t=
      work] <= /b>
=
X
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Introducing verbs=
prov= ide
judg= e
expl= ain