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span
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Documentation
for Research
MLA
(with reference to APA)
Formats for documentation=
:
• There are a number of diff=
erent
methods of citation/documentation. This program will focus
on the Modern Language Association (MLA) format, used prim=
arily
for the Humanities.&n=
bsp;
The American Psychological Association (APA) format
includes a date and is often used with the sciences.
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Parenthetical citations:<=
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•
Citations are placed in parentheses within the
text for most formats.
=
;
•
For MLA, the parenthetical citation will include the aut=
hor
and the page number (if there is a page number).
•
For APA, the parenthetical citation will include the aut=
hor,
the date, and the page number (if there is a page number).=
Types of documentation=
•=
MLA—Author page (Brown 76)
•=
APA—Author, date, page (Brown, 2001, p. 76)=
•=
Chicago—old-fashioned footnotes with superscript numbers
•=
CBE—Council of Biology Editors (Citation-Sequence
system with superscript numbers or Name-Year system)
•=
Etc—journal formats, teacher formats, myste=
ry formats
•
Information that must =
be
cited
•Quotations—using exact words of someone <=
/span>else
•Summarie=
s—taking
something long and simplifying it to a short form
=
•Paraphra=
ses—restating
something for clarity
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Purpose of using citat=
ions
•To establish owners=
hip of
ideas and properly credit
•To separate your id=
eas
from those of other sources
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.71%'>•To avoid
plagiarism
<=
span
style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•
Citing summaries and
paraphrases
•Begin summary or
paraphrase with the author’s name in the text to
indicate where the summary or paraphrase begins. The page number (for printed
material) serves as the marker for where the summary o=
r paraphrase
ends.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:91%'>Using summaries and paraphrases by =
starting with author and ending with page reference
Some people believe that extraterrestrial beings live among
humans. Mandelker, for
example, stat=
es that some peopl=
e are
born extraterrestrials but have no knowledge of this until they slowly begi=
n to
become aware (2). T=
he
shock of this discovery could be very disorienti=
ng.
<=
/span>
APA: =
Mandelker =
(1995),
for example, stated that. .
. become aware (p. 2).
Note
Citati=
ons
serve as a guide to the Works Cited list (MLA) or References list (APA), so the first item in th=
e parenthetical citation should match the first ite=
m in
the list citation.
Mandelker, for ex=
ample,
states . . . (2).
MLA
Mandelker, Scott.=
From
Elsewhere. New York: Birch
Lane Press, 1995.
APA
Mandelker, =
S.
(1995). From elsewhere. New York:
Birch Lane Press.
More . . . .
David M. Jacobs reports that all o=
f the
aliens of this type look basically the same. People don’t report
any emotional or physical characteristics that help them to distin=
guish
one from another (223).
APA: David M. Jacobs (1992) reported =
that .
. . one from another (p. 223).
Note
Note: In APA, the=
date
always stays with the author’s name—whether in the text or citation.=
The
author’s name is most often in the text.
MLA uses present tense for introducing statements=
.
Brown rep=
orts .
. . .
APA uses past tense or present perfect for introducing
statements.
Brown
(1995) reported . . . .
Smith
(2001) has stated . . . .
Summaries and paraphrases=
•
If a summary or paraphrase includes any distinctive term=
s,
phrases, or sentences that are identical to the original, tho=
se
parts of the summary or paraphrase must be in quotation
marks. It’s important=
to
always double-check the text to make sure that you have
quoted properly.
Using
summary with some words quoted
Some people believe that extraterrestrial beings live among
humans. There is good evide=
nce,
according to Mandekler, that “Wanderers,” l=
ive
among us but are “extraterrestrials from birth” and have
forgotten their origins and “live under a kind of veil” =
until
they slowly begin to become aware (2). The shock of this =
discovery =
could
be very disorienting.
Not=
e: The
citation is placed before the ending punctuation.
Note
Material
that is summarized but uses words from the original text wi=
thout
quotation marks is considered plagiarized even though the
summary may be cited properly otherwise. Always check summaries against <=
/span>the
original source to see if some parts need to be quoted.
=
Using i=
nline
quotation of complete statement with author in text and introdu=
cing
verb (notes, says, admits, reports, etc) with comma<=
/span>
=
Some people
believe that extraterrestrial beings live =
among huma=
ns.
Mandelker reports, “ I use the word Wandere=
rs to describ=
e those
E.T. souls who have been extraterrestrial since birth, but
who’ve forgotten who they are and live under a kind of veil of the=
ir
true being, and then slowly—if they’re fortunate—begin to
awaken” (2). <=
/span>=
The shock =
of this
discovery could be very disorienting.
Test for introducing v=
erbs
You sh=
ould be
able to add “that” and do an indirect statement for those quotations you precede with a=
comma.
Brown sa=
ys,
“I don’t believe in UFOs.”
Brown sa=
ys that
he doesn’t believe in UFO’s.
Brown qu=
estions
all of the information he reads:
“I don’t believe in
UFOs.”
Brown qu=
estions
all of the information he reads
th=
at he
doesn’t believe in UFOs.
[Nope! Doesn’t=
work]
=
X
Introducing verbs=
prov=
ide
judg=
e
expl=
ain
clai=
m
prov=
e
insi=
st
emph=
asize
bemo=
an
pont=
ificate
impl=
y
divu=
lge
beli=
eve
poin=
t out
illu=
strate
disp=
ute
asse=
rt
obse=
rve
hint=
deny=
asce=
rtain
note=
gran=
t
decl=
are
argu=
e
mean=
goss=
ip
cont=
end
agre=
e
marv=
el
exto=
l
conf=
irm
admi=
t
lie<=
/span>
expo=
se
comp=
lain
add<=
/span>
just=
ify
expl=
ore
comm=
ent
ackn=
owledge
and more . . . .
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teas=
e
resp=
ond
reaso=
n
writ=
e
sugg=
est
reje=
ct
quest=
ion
thin=
k
repo=
rt
refu=
te
puzzl=
e
=
Introducing quotations with a complete sentence
•
Note: if the sentenc=
e you
use to introduce is a complete statement that could st=
and
alone, use a colon to separate the statement from the
quotation.
• <=
/span>NEVER
have a freestanding quotation that is not attached to an
introduction.
=
Using inline quotation of complete =
statement preceded by preview or separate statement and colon=
Some people believe that extraterrestrial beings live among
humans: “I use the wo=
rd Wandere=
rs to =
describe t=
hose
E.T. souls who have been extraterrestrial since birth, but
who’ve forgotten who they are and live under a kind of veil of
their true being, and then slowly—if they’re
fortunate—begin to awaken” (Mandelker 2). The shock of this =
discovery =
could
be very disorienting.
APA:
(Mandelker, 1995, p. 2)
Review of inline quotations
•=
They usually don’t exceed 30-35 words.
=
•=
They have quotation marks to indicate the part th=
at is quoted.
•=
The parenthetical citation precedes the ending punctuation.
•=
Complete statements are preceded by a comma if there is an introducing verb.
<=
/div>
•=
Complete statements are preceded by a colon if there is a preview or separate statement <=
/span>introducing them.
Using indented quotation of 30 words or more, preceded by complete statement and <=
/span>=
colon
People with a strong belief in the presence of
extraterrestrials living on earth often report people among their
acquaintances who support this belief:
Recen=
tly I
met a Los Angeles video producer who
confi=
ded in
me that he’d had a powerful UFO
exper=
ience
several years back and could definitely accep=
t the
idea that some people are E.T.s.
He even once had a girlfriend=
who
said she was an extraterrestrial. I’m friendly with a mild-<=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:2;width:13.69%'> mannered limousine driver =
who
also had UFO experiences in his youth and has no problem=
with the idea that he is from a=
nother
world. (Mandelker 6)
Note: With inden=
ted
quotations, the ending punctuation precedes the citati=
on. APA indents only ½ i=
nch
rather than 1 inch.
Review of indented
quotations
•They usually exceed 30-35 words.
=
•They do not have quot=
ation
marks unless they appear in the original. Indented means quoted.
•The parenthetical cit=
ation
follows the ending punctuation.
•They are usually prec=
eded
by a separate statement, often a preview, and a colon.=
Using
ellipses with brackets to omit material
T=
his is
what you CANNOT do:
Sam
Jones is a great Martian man who should be elected King of the Sky =
rather
than President.
“Sam
Jones is a great [. . .] man who should be elected [. . .]
President.”
Note: APA does not use brackets for
ellipses
This
is what you CAN do:
•=
Omit the middle of a sentence
<=
/span>
–=
Captain Kirk,&nb=
sp;
as noted above, was captain of the starship.
–=
“Captain Kirk [. . .] was captain of the
starship.”
•=
Omit the end of a sentence (or more)
<=
/span>
–=
Bush spoke to the Congress after the UFO landed.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> The audience was attentive. Clearly, the President made his po=
ints
well.
–“Bush spoke to the Congress [. . .] . Clear=
ly, the
President made his =
points
well.”
•=
Omit the beginning of a sentence (or more)
=
;
–=
Bush spoke to the Congress after the UFO landed. =
The
audience was attentive. C=
learly,
the President made his points well.
–“Bush spoke to the Congress after the UFO l=
anded.
[. . .] [T]he Pres=
ident
made his points well.”
–
Using Brackets
•=
For
clarity (person, place, time)
–=
He
expressed support for the U.S.
–=
“[Tony
Blair] expressed support for the U. S.”
•=
For
misspellings
–=
The
victims described there ordeal.
–=
“The
victims described [their] ordeal.”
–=
“The
victims described there [sic] ordeal.”
–=
APA “The victims described the=
re [sic]
ordeal.”
•=
For
errors in grammar ([sic] indicates error)
–I
don’t got no opinion about UFO problems.
–=
“I
don’t got no [sic] opinion about UFO problems.”
Using
indented quotation with ellipses
Pulitzer Prize win=
ning
author, John E. Mack, M.D., has investigated over 100 cases of alien abduction and describes their appearanc=
e: The small grays have large, pear-shaped heads that
protrude in the back, long arms with three or four long fingers, a thin torso, and spindly legs.
[. . .]External genitalia, with rare exceptions, =
are not
observed. The beings =
are
hairless with no ears,=
have
rudimentary nostril holes and a thin slit for a mouth [. . .] . By far the most prominent <=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:2;width:12.73%'> featu=
res are
huge, black eyes which curve upward
and are more rounded toward the center of the head =
and
pointed at the outer edge. =
(37)The ey=
es
have been the most consistently reported feature of the aliens. While the report of skin color has varied from light gray =
to
blue, almost everyo=
ne
agrees on the eyes.
Using ellipses and bra=
ckets
Female abductees, especially, report being taken to nurser=
ies
to see these children. Barbara Archer, for example, reports being
taken to observe two rows of babies:
[The =
babies]
scared me when I looked at them because they looked odd. T=
hey
look kind of <=
/span> old. They don't have much hair.=
They have some
hair, but not much [. . .] .[Their skin is] like
grayish, or it's like lighter than ours. It's
not normal looking, but it's not the same as th=
eirs
either. (qtd. in Jacobs 166)
There are numerous reports in the literature of
alien abductions to support Archer’s story.
Note
When using ellipses, you will often need to us=
e brackets to c=
larify
information. You may end up=
with a verb o=
r a
subject missing, or a pronoun with no referent.
Remember that your quotations must be <=
/span>grammatically
correct. Check for fragment=
s or run-ons when =
you use
ellipses.
Secondary quotations
•
Very often, the author, Smith, of an article or
book quotes another person, Jones.
If you want to use the words of Jones, you have
to still indicate that Smith wrote the piece because Smith̵=
7;s
name will appear in the Works Cited list, not
Jones’s. You <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:72.75%;left:12.17%;width:94.56%;height:6.7=
5%'>would
put Jones’s name in the text and (qtd. in Smith) in the
citation.
=
Using
secondary or indirect sources with author in text<=
/span>
Twenty-five years later, Kathy Lewis, an "abductee" descri=
bes
"two strange gray-faced creatures" coming to her in the night. She reports that they had large=
heads
and skin that was "dingy white, almost gray." She further states that their eyes were
"pitch black in color" (qtd. in Hopkins 14). =
Virtually all accounts agree that the eyes of the grays are solid black and very large.
APA: (as cited in Hopkins, 1987, p. 1=
4)
Note
With a
secondary source, the citation entry on the Works Cited or References list matches the author=
of the work, not the author of the words.
MLA (qtd. in Hopkins 14)
Hopkins, Budd. Intruders:=
The Incredible =
Visitation=
s at
Copley Woods. &nbs=
p;
Random House, 1987.
APA (as cited in Hopkins, 1987, p. 14)
Hopkins, B.
Intruders (1987) The incredible
vis=
itations
at Copley Woods. New York: Random <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:85.25%;left:8.42%;width:84.08%;height:6.0%=
'>House.
Using
credentials to establish credibility
This type of alien is most often described as =
the
ones that carry out the so-called abductions and do general
physical examinations on the abductees. Stefan Duncan, editor and =
writer for American U=
FO
News, speculates about the relationship between diffe=
rent
groups of aliens:
From =
the
description of the observed behavior and appearance of the species
commonly called the ̶=
0;grays”
it is probably that this species is a
subse=
rvient
race in the service of some master […].
It is also likely that this race was specifically bred to perform specific t=
asks
with the culture.
This assessment seems to be borne out by descriptions of o=
ther alien bein=
gs that
appear to direct the actions of the grays.
Note: Online
sources (non-PDF) lack page references
Note
If you list a source’s
credentials, be sure to do that on the first reference to this
source rather than later in the paper.
Additionally, if you chose to use t=
he
source’s full name, do so on the first reference to the=
source
and use only the last name for subsequent references.
Using
different works by the same author(s)<=
/div>
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Jim Weiner states, "They're like bugs!&qu=
ot;
(qtd. in Fowler, 53), and this=
seems
to be the common assessment. The
physical descriptions of these beings match those of the grays, exc=
ept
for the difference in height. In another famous ab=
duction
case, Betty Andreasson reports being abducted by four alie=
ns,
with one alien being taller: "They were identical except=
for
the leader who appeared taller. The creatures had gray skins, la=
rge,
outsized pear-shaped heads. Their faces were mongoloid=
in
appearance" (qtd. in Fowler, Andreasson=
25).<=
span
style=3D'font-size:75%'>
Note: Om=
it a, an, a=
nd the.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Use first identifying word of
title.
APA: (a=
s cited
in Fowler, 1993, Allagash, p. 53)
Note
Fowler,
Raymond E. =
The
Allagash Abductions. Tigard:=
Wild Flower Press,
1993.
---. The Andreasson Affair. Englewo=
od Cliffs: &nb=
sp;
Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1979.
APA
Commenting on quoted material
Whitley Strieber describes the different types of aliens <=
/span>he claims =
to have
encountered:
The most
provocative of these was about five feet tall, very
slender and delicate, with extremely
prominent and mesmerizing black slan=
ted
eyes. This
being had an almost vestigial mouth and nose. (29)
Note his use of the term "mesmerizing&quo=
t; to
suggest that there is an almost hypnotic quality to the eye=
s.
Note: It’s not
necessary to cite “mesmerizing” twice.
Introducing
with summarizing or preview statements
The difference between the grays and this taller being also
suggests that there is some type of hierarchical structure among the
aliens:
The T=
aller
Being appears to be in control of the
abduc=
tion. He usually makes his appearance =
after the abductee has been
examined. He directs the operations of the Small
Beings. (Jacobs 229)
This taller being is frequently described as a
"doctor" by abductees because he often carries out special
examination procedures:
The l=
eader
or doctor is slightly taller, perhaps four and a=
half
or five feet at most, and his features simil=
ar to
the smaller grays, except that he may
seem =
older
or more wrinkled. He is cle=
arly in
charge of the procedures t=
hat
occur on the ship. (Mack 37)
Citing when there is no
author:
•
If there is no author, include the first identifying wor=
d of
the title (ignore a, and, and the) with
quotation marks around it in place of an author’s name.=
3;
(“Aliens” 6)=
3;
Citing
source in text to increase credibility=
While there is much controversy and disagreeme=
nt
about the purpose of the aliens, there is more agreement about t=
he types of alie=
ns that
are reported. As noted in <=
/span>Britannica=
Online=
,
“[I]ntelligence need not necessarily be restricted to the same
evolutionary path that occurred on Earth” (“Life&=
#8221;). Thus, there are scattered report=
s of
reptilian aliens, tall red-headed aliens, and an assortment of essentially
monster-type aliens.
No=
te: This
is important, for example, if you are reporting a survey or study.=
Note this is online material, so there is no page number.
Note
Material with no =
author
is cited by title:
MLA
“Life:
Likelihood of Life.” =
Britann=
ica
Online. Vers. 2001.
Encylopaedia Britannica. 2=
6 Mar.
2001 <h=
ttp://search.eb.com>.
APA
(Start with citation as for text and then end with a “Retrieved—date—from”
statement
Life: Likelihood of life. (Vers. 2001)=
.Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 26, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://search.eb.co=
m
More . . .
If you are alphabetizing by title, =
and
the title begins with a, an, or the,=
put the title as written, but alphabetize =
by
the first identifying word:
Alldridge, Jo=
hn. Sky
Devils. NY: New Press,
=
1977.
“A Day in a UFO.” UFO News 7
Nov. 2001:
=
77.
Note: the second entry is alphabetized=
by “Day”
Using
same source, different pages with
no other material intervening
This taller being is often described as a "doctor&quo=
t; by
abductees because he often carries out special examination procedure=
s:
The l=
eader
or doctor is slightly taller, perhaps four and a=
half
or five feet at most, and his features simil=
ar to
the smaller grays, except that he may
seem =
older
or more wrinkled. He is cle=
arly in
charge of the procedures t=
hat
occur on the ship. (Mack 37)
Abductees often report that they feel that the
taller alien conducts a type of mindscan: "Communication between
aliens and humans is telepathic, mind to mind or thought to thought,
with no specific common learned language being necessary"
(38). Rarely do peopl=
e report this s=
ame
type of direct communication with the smaller beings althou=
gh they
are sometimes aware telepathically of the communication
occurring between the grays and the taller beings.
No page numbers
•
Material procured online generally does not have
page numbers unless it is a PDF file.&nb=
sp;
The page numbers that appear when you print
the document are not real page numbers. If you print from a different computer
or printer, the page numbers may vary. Thus, most citations of online <=
/span>material
will not have page numbers.
Using
source-reflective statement to show end of cited
material when there is no parenthetical reference
George A. Filer, Director, M=
utual
UFO Network Eastern, summarizes reports from around t=
he
world about UFO activity as well as
recent theories about UFO involvement in terrorist
attacks. Filer does not, however, cite the sources of most of his informati=
on. Reports of UFOs have increased in recent years, and there is some evidence to suggest that the general population has become more receptive to the idea that UFOs are rooted in reality rather than fiction.
Substitutes
for page numbers for online material
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Many =
online
documents have no page numbers, but you need help the reader to locate the material, so i=
f there
are paragraph or section numbe=
rs or
names for different sectio=
ns, you
can use those in place of page numbers.
Brown =
notes,
“I called the police immediately after I saw the UFO” (“reports”). [the name of the section]
Brown =
notes,
“I called the police immediately after I =
saw the UFO” (par. 3). [paragraph
number]
Using
a work with multiple authors
Many abductees report that they can discern no
physical difference to suggest aliens are male or female, but that =
they sometime=
s feel
intuitively that an alien is female.&nbs=
p;
Kathy Mitchell (AKA Kathy Davis) reports, after seeing one of the ta=
ll
aliens, "While no feature suggests it and no particular
characteristic points to it, for some unaccountable=
reason
or by something like intuition, I have the feeling that this alien being is fema=
le in
gender" (qtd. in Jordan and Mitchell 3).
<=
/span>
APA: (as cited in Jordan & Mitchell, 1994, p. 3)
Review
of Citations
•=
One author
–=
MLA
(Brown 76)
–=
APA
(Brown, 2001, p. 76)
•=
Two authors
–=
MLA
(Brown and Smith 76)
–=
APA
(Brown & Smith, 2001, p. 76)
•=
Three authors
–=
MLA
(Brown, Smith, and Kline 76)
–=
APA
(Brown, Smith, & Kline, 2001, p. 76)
•=
Four or more authors
–=
MLA
(Brown et al. 76)
–=
APA
(Brown, Smith, Kline, & Jones, 2001, p. 76)
=
•=
Use et al. for 2nd ref=
erence or
6 or more authors
–2nd reference (Brown et al., 2001, p.=
76)
–6 or more authors (Br=
own
et al., 20001, p. 76) in text only
–
More . . . .
•=
Secondary
author(s), citing author in text
–=
MLA (qtd. in Brown 76)
–=
APA (as cited in Brown, 2001, =
p.
76)
•=
Two
authors with the same last name
–=
MLA (Kevin Brown 76)
–=
APA (K. Brown, 2001, p. 76)=
3;
Problems
&
Solutions
Introduce with preview statements
Make source reflective <=
/span>statements
Add comments
Not enough of author̵=
7;s own
words
(less than 50%)
Summarize part of it
Remove and replace
Insert other sources
Too much information from
one source
(more than ½ page)
Summarize part of it
Use ellipses
Use in two parts
Quotation too long
(more than 1/3 page)
Page setup
Times
New Roman or other stan=
dard
typeface. 12 font.
Times
New Roman or other stand=
ard
typeface. 12 font.
References—indented
½ inch or h=
anging.
Works
Cited—hanging citat=
ions.
Inde=
nt
quotations ½ inch.
Indent
quotations 1 inch.
Header—short
title and page numb=
er in
upper rt.
Header—last
name and page numbe=
r in
upper right.
Margins—at
least 1 inch all arou=
nd. Do
not justify
Margins—1
inch all around. Do not justify.
Titl=
e page
required.
All =
text
double spaced.
No ti=
tle
page necessary.
All t=
ext
double spaced.
A=
PA
ML=
A
Works Cited &
References
MLA
Usual format for Works Cited entries
Last name, first name. “Title.” Sourc=
e. Other information. Date
APA
Usual format for References entries
Last name, initial. (Date). Title. Source. Other information.
Does
not use quotation marks for titles
of works; underlines source=
Strangers
(Mar. 2001). UFO Today, 48, p. 78 [includes vol.]
Uses
quotations marks for titles of
works and underlining for source
“Strangers.”
UFO Today Ma=
r. 2001: 78.=
Capitalizes
first word in title and subtitle
[after colon] and proper nouns
only
Follows
standard rules for capit=
alizing
titles
Uses
initial for first name
Uses =
full
name
Reve=
rses
authors’ names:
Brow=
n, K.
& Smith, J.
Reverses
first author’s name only:
Brown=
, Kevin
and John Smith
Has
paragraph indent
Has h=
anging
indent
Is
double-spaced & alphabetized
Is
double-spaced & alphabetized
APA References
MLA Works Cited
Works Cite=
d
Duncan, Stefan.
“Extraterrestrial Types.” AUFON:
America=
n UFO
News. Ed. Duncan
Stefan. Issue 5.
26. J=
an.
2001. 26 Mar. 2001
<http://www.aufon.com/
AUFON=
VOL3ISSUE5Jan262001.htm>. &nbs=
p;
Fowler, Raymond E. The Allagash Abductions.
Tigard: Wild
Flower Press, 1993.
---. =
The And=
reasson
Affair. Englewood
Cliffs: Prentice-Hall=
,
Inc. =
1979.
Fuller, John G. The
Interrupted Journey: =
Two
lost Hours “Aboard a Flying
Saucer.” New York: D=
ial
Press, 1965.
Higbee, Susan, CHT.
“New Abduction Trends.” AIC:=
Abduction
Informa=
tionCenter. Webmaster =
John
Velez. 26 Mar. 2001.
&nbs=
p;
<http://www.spacelab.net/~jvif/higbepov.html>.
Hopkins, Budd. Intruders: The
Incredible Visitations at Copley
Woods.<=
/u> New York:=
Random House, 1987.=
MLA Electronic sources
Citati=
ons
will vary according to the type of source, and the MLA site lists 15 things to look for.
Author
Title of piece
------=_NextPart_01C51293.0A68A5D0
mime-version: 1.0
content-location: file:///C:/2C8254C8/DocumentationforResearch_files/slide0062.htm
content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable
content-type: text/html;
charset="us-ascii"
Title of source
Editor, compiler=
, or
translator
Publication info=
rmation
for print version
Title of project, database,
periodical, etc.
Editor of above&=
#13;
Version number&#=
13;
Date of electronic publicatio=
n
Name of subscription service,=
place
accessed
Sponsoring Agenc=
y
Date retrieved&#=
13;
<URL> Unlinked unless
submitted electronically
More . . .
Frequently, you will not be able to
find much of the information you need. The information may
be hidden. You will need to=
assess
information from the Web carefully. Consider that
any idiot can put a web page up.&nbs=
p;
Just because it’s there, doesn’t mean =
you
can use it!
The “AT WE DAD”
memory device on the next page will remind you of the
information to look for when you try to cite a web page.
=
Professional or Personal
sites
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•A Author.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•T “Title.”=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•W Web page.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•E Editor.&=
#13;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%;visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•D Date of
Material
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•A Agency t=
hat
sponsors site
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%'>•D Date of
retrieval
<URL > [unlinked unless submitt=
ed
electronically]
Note
When you go to a search engine and=
type
in a topic, the result will often be a document that
is not on the web page that “owns” the document. You must, however, cite that web page, so you often =
have
to work backward from the document to find information
you need for your citation.
Your task will be both to validate and cite.
Library information databases are the best
choice: <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:9.25%;left:3.55%;width:92.32%;height:6.0%'=
>Electric Library, EbscoHost, Proquest, Etc.