CHEM 30 B Dr. R. Rinehart
You are expected to be already familiar with the essentials of carbohydrate chemistry [Ch 17] and catabolism, ATP, oxidative phosphorylation, and the Krebs cycle [Ch 21.1-.2 and 22.1, and 22.3-.6]
http://web.archive.org/web/20030223145818/http://opbs.okstate.edu/~Blair/Bioch2344/Chapter11/Chapter11.htm http://opbs.okstate.edu/~Blair/Bioch2344/Chapter11/Chapter11.htm |
| Cellular metabolism and fermentation
by Michael J. Farabee at Estrella Mountain CC http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobooktoc.html > Cellular metabolism and fermentation |
| How Cells Make ATP by
Charles Mallery at the University of Miami http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255atp/255makeatp.htm |
| You will [should] love Microbial
Metabolism: Energetics by Thomas Terry at the University of
Connecticut http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/229sp03/lectures/catabolism.html |
I. Digestion: (enzymatic) hydrolysis
A. Starch à
glucose + maltose + isomaltose;
salivary & pancreatic amylases
B. sucrose à
glucose + fructose; gastric
Hcl
and intestinal sucrase
C. maltose à
glucose; intestinal
maltases
D. lactose à
galactose + glucose;
intestinal lactase
lactose intolerance
E.
absorption: 3 mechanisms
1. active transport: glc and
gal; uses Na+ and specific carriers
2.
facilitated diffusion: fru and man; carrier proteins
3. simple diffusion:
pentoses & other sugars
II. Blood glucose
A. hypo- and hyperglycemia
B. fasting blood sugar
60 - 100 mg/100mL [70-110](“mg%”)
C. renal threshold 180 mg%;
> = glucosuria
D.
oral glucose tolerance
curve (OGTT)
E. hormonal control
1. Insulin: promotes glc entry into cells
Insulin-dependent: muscle, adipose, white blood cells, (heart)
Insulin-independent: liver, kidney, brain, erythrocytes, intestine
2. Glucagon:
promotes hepatic glycogenolysis
3. Epinephrine
4. Other hormones
|
The metabolic effects of insulin and
glucagon by Lee Crompton at U Manchester |
F. Diabetes mellitus
| Diabetes Mellitus by Todd A.
Carlson at Grand Valley State University is really good http://www2.gvsu.edu/~chm463/diabetes/intropage.html http://faculty.gvsu.edu/carlsont/diabetes/diabetes/intropage.html |
| Diabetes mellitus by Lee Crompton at U Manchester http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/student_projects/2000/mnby7lc2/diabetes.htm |
| SugarBytes.com from Canada http://www.sugarbytes.com/Typehead.htm |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism by Michael W.
King of Indiana State U School of Medicine http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycolysis.html |
| Carbohydrate metabolism by Patrick M.
Woster at Wayne State U http://wiz2.pharm.wayne.edu/biochem/carbomet.html |
| Glycolysis [and lots more] by Clarke
Earley at Kent State U Stark Campus http://www.personal.kent.edu/~cearley/PChem/pchem.htm > > Chemical Reactions and Biochemical Reaction Pathways > Glycolysis |
| Glycolysis by Paul Reisberg at
Wellesley http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/glycolysis/glycolysis.htm |
A. purposes
1.
ATP production (anaerobic or aerobic)
2.
Source of C for biosynthesis
B. reactions and enzymes: occurs in cytosol
| Glycolysis in 2D [IE OK] and 3D [Chime
-- use Netscape] by Karl J. Miller at George Washington University http://www.gwu.edu/~mpb/glycolysis.htm |
| Glycolysis in Chime by William
McClure at Carnegie Mellon U http://www.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/BiochemMols/Glycolysis/GlycolysisMain.htm |
| Introduction to Glycolysis by Jon Maber
at U Leeds http://www.terravivida.com/vivida/glyintro/ http://www.beechtreecommon.org/biochemistry/glyintro/ Step by Step Glycolysis has basic reaction info and animations, by Jon Maber at U Leeds http://www.terravivida.com/vivida/glysteps/ http://www.beechtreecommon.org/biochemistry/glysteps/ also by Jon Maber: Design It Yourself Glycolysis http://www.terravivida.com/vivida/diygly/ http://www.beechtreecommon.org/biochemistry/diygly/ |
| More info on glycolysis from The
University of Texas http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/glycolysis/glycohome.html |
| Glycolysis by John
C. Pérez at Texas A&M's Natural Toxins Research Center, Kingsville http://web.archive.org/web/20021213123243/http://ntri.tamuk.edu/cell/mitochondrion/glycol.html http://ntri.tamuk.edu/cell/mitochondrion/glycol.html |
C. regulation: by need for energy
1. phosphofructokinase:
inhibited by ATP, citrate; activated by ADP, AMP
2. pyruvate
kinase: inhibited by ATP
3. hexokinase:
inhibited by G-6-P
1. anaerobic: reduced to
lactate
(or
ethanol in yeast, and a variety of other end-products in bacteria)
2. aerobic: oxidized to Acetyl-CoA [see Ch 22.2]
|
Animation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex |
E. net energy yield
[see
table]
1. anaerobic: 2 ATP/glucose
2. aerobic: 36-38
ATP/glucose; role of shuttles
| Diagrams of the malate and glycerol phosphate
shuttles by Dr. Keates at the University of Guelph http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/Chm452/lectur11.htm |
| Diagrams of the malate and glycerol phosphate
shuttles from Dr Mallery's course at U of Miami http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/makeatp/gpshuttle.jpg http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255atp/mcb8.10.shuttle.jpg |
F. Metabolism of other sugars
|
Metabolism of non-glucose sugars by
Michael W. King of Indiana State U School of Medicine |
IV. The PENTOSE
phosphate PATHWAY
A. Purposes
1.
generation of NADPH for biosynthesis
2. pentose synthesis
3. alternate catabolic route
B. Summary
|
The pentose phosphate pathway by Karl
J. Miller at George Washington University |
V.
GLUCONEOGENESIS
A. main purpose: helps
maintain blood glucose level while sparing glycogen
B. reactions and
enzymes
1. uses the REVERSIBLE
reactions of glycolysis
2. must use several BYPASS
REACTIONS
pyruvate
carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
FDPase
G6Pase
C. regulation:
1. PEPCK induced by cortisol
2. FDPase, G6Pase: inhibited by AMP, ADP, accelerated by ATP
D. The Cori cycle
|
Gluconeogenesis
by Michael W. King of Indiana State U School of Medicine |
VI. Glycogen metabolism
| Glycogen metabolism by Michael W.
King at Indiana State U School of Medicine http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycogen.html |
| Glycogen and galactose by Karl J.
Miller at George Washington University http://web.archive.org/web/20080206193709/http://www.gwu.edu/~mpb/polysacc.htm http://www.gwu.edu/~mpb/polysacc.htm |
A. Glycogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Hormonal control
| The cAMP-dependent protein kinase cascade
by Michael W. King of Indiana State U School of Medicine http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/ampk.html http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/pkacamp.html |
| Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism by Michael W. King of Indiana State U School of Medicine http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/inborn.html#carbo |
|
See the Metabolic Map of Biochemical Pathways by Boehringer Mannheim GmbH
at |
© [for what it's worth] Ronald W. Rinehart, 2002-2007
|
Regulation of glycolysis reactions
[interactive] by Clarke Earley at Kent State U Stark Campus |
|
Detailed diagram of glycolysis with
animations by Robert J. Huskey at U Virginia http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/glycol.html |
