Physical Properties and Intermolecular Attractive Forces
Ronald W. Rinehart, CHEM 30B, Monterey Peninsula College

Useful references: these will appear in new windows; close them when you have finished.

I strongly hope that the extensive references on this page will not only help you learn about the nature of intermolecular forces and their effects, but will also convince you of the necessity of learning about this subject.
If you don't effectively incorporate this knowledge into your repertoire right now, you will truly be at a loss throughout the remainder of this course.

You might want to download the demo version of Steve Lower's Chem1 Concept Builder by going to http://www.chem1.com/ ; Once you have installed it, you can access it from your Start menu as follows: Start>> Programs >> Chem1 Lessons >> Run Chem1 Lessons >> Demo . Select the last choice "States of matter, Solutions" and from the resultant menu select "1. States of Matter" and run through the tutorials in sequence. Use the "continue" button at the bottom to get to the next section any time the "next" link doesn't work. Some of this material is much more sophisticated than what we will need in this course, so don't be discouraged by the graphs and mathematical formulas.

Basic Background

Matter by Fred Senese at Frostburg state U, MD:
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/index.shtml

The nature of water by Mark Bishop at Monterey Peninsula College [need Shockwave]:
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/water.htm

States of matter by Mark Bishop at MPC [slides 3-21]
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/Chemistry_10.htm > PowerPoint > Chapter 2

Chime exercises from Cabrillo College
http://c4.cabrillo.edu/chem30a/exercises/Exer_1/index.html

Liquid and solid properties: help files from Virginia Tech:
http://learn.chem.vt.edu/tutorials/lsproperties/index.html
or via http://learn.chem.vt.edu/ > Help files for general chemistry > Liquid and solid properties
Physical properties: help files from Virginia Tech:
http://learn.chem.vt.edu/tutorials/physprop/index.html
or via http://learn.chem.vt.edu/ > Help files for general chemistry > Physical properties

I. Classification of chemical substances
    A. Pure substances
        1. Elements
        2. Compounds

    B. Mixtures
        1. Heterogeneous: suspensions; colloidal dispersions
        2. Homogeneous: solutions

See "Classification of matter" by Mark Bishop [slides 3-30 and 37-43]:
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/Chemistry_10.htm > PowerPoint > Chapter 3

Solutions by Mark Bishop at MPC [slides 12-17 and 26]:
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/Chemistry_10.htm > PowerPoint > Chapter 4

Molecular shapes by Mark Bishop at MPC:
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/Chemistry_10.htm > PowerPoint > Chapter 12

What are miscible, immiscible, and partially miscible liquids? by Fred Senese at Frostburg State U
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/miscible-immiscible.shtml

Solutions help page at Purdue University
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/solutions/index.html

Elements, compounds, and mixtures at Purdue University
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/elements.html at Purdue University

III. Physical properties you may encounter at some point in organic chemistry
[items in red are largely determined by the type and strength of the intermolecular attractive forces present]:

boiling point	heat of formation	odor
brittleness	heat of fusion	partition coefficient
		refractive index
color	heat of solution	solubility in water
crystal form	heat of vaporization	solubility in nonpolar solvents
density or specific gravity	luster	specific heat
ductility	malleability	specific rotation
elasticity	melting point	surface tension
heat of combustion	molecular weight or molar mass	viscosity

    A. Melting [fusion] and freezing
            1. Melting point, m.p.
            2. Heat of fusion,   DH_fus

    B. Boiling [vaporization] and condensation
            1. Boiling point, b.p.
            2. Heat of vaporization, DH_vap

V. Intermolecular attractive forces, their relation to molecular structure, and their role in determining physical properties

You might want to download the demo version of Steve Lower's Chem1 Concept Builder by going to
http://www.chem1.com/
; Once you have installed it, you can access it from your Start menu as follows: Start>> Programs >> Chem1 Lessons >> Run Chem1 Lessons >> Demo . Select the last choice "States of matter, Solutions" and from the resultant menu select "1. States of Matter" and run through the tutorials in sequence. Use the "continue" button at the bottom to get to the next section any time the "next" link doesn't work. Some of this material is much more sophisticated than what we will need in this course, so don't be discouraged by the graphs and mathematical formulas.

PowerPoint presentation on intermolecular forces by David P. White at UNC Wilmington
provided by William Reiff at Northeastern University
http://www.chem.neu.edu/courses/reiff/download/Blb_Chpt11.ppt

Intermolecular forces by Paul Reisberg at Wellesley http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem110e/Weakforces/weakFs.html
[You may have some access problems to this page with both Netscape and IE, even if you have the necessary plugins, because some of the material is for on-campus use only; nonetheless, what is generally accessible is quite worthwhile.]

by Mark Bishop at MPC:
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/Chemistry_10.htm > PowerPoint > Chapter 14
http://www.mpcfaculty.net/mark_bishop/Chemistry_10.htm > PowerPoint > Chapter 15

Polarity and Intermolecular Forces by Roberta Kleinman at Lockhaven University of PA at
http://www.lhup.edu/~rkleinma/Chem220/home.htm > Chapter Notes > CH1

Intermolecular Forces by Charles Ophardt at Elmhurst College, IL
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/160Aintermolec.html

Intermolecular Forces by Tom Bitterwolf at the University of Idaho
http://neon.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/imf.html

Intermolecular Forces by Leon L. Combs at Kennesaw State University
http://stern.kennesaw.edu/inter/in01001.htm
[really good, written for KSU's equivalent of CHEM 30A/B]

Intermolecular forces by Michael Blaber at Florida State U
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Forces/intermol/Forces02.htm
also accessible via
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/ > Intermolecular Forces > Intermolecular Forces

Liquids Help Page at Purdue University [frames]
What is a Liquid ? / Intermolecular Forces / Properties
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/index.html

Intermolecular forces and liquids and solids by Francis Carey at U Virginia
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~fac6q/11_01_02.pdf

Intermolecular forces by Brenda Wojciechowski and Paul Cerpovicz at Georgia Southern University
http://www2.gasou.edu/chemdept/general/molecule/forces.htm

Intermolecular and intramolecular forces by Gretchen Webb-Kummer at Modesto Community College
http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/webbg/Chem101/Ch11lecture/IntermolecForces.htm

by Charles E. Ophardt at Elmhurst College, IL
Intermolecular Forces
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/160Aintermolec.html
Molecular Polarity
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/210polarity.html

Intermolecular interactions in the gas phase by Gary L. Bertrand at U Missouri, Rolla
http://www.umr.edu/~gbert/INTERACT/intermolecular.HTM

0. Covalent bonding [not an INTERmolecular force, since if two moieties are covalently joined, they're part of the same molecule!]
1. Ionic [electrostatic] attractions and repulsions

Hydrogen Bonding by Tom Bitterwolf at the University of Idaho
http://neon.chem.uidaho.edu/~honors/hydrogen.html

and http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/crswr/hydrogenbond.html

The Secret Nature of Hydrogen Bonds from the American Institute of Physics
http://www.aip.org/physnews/preview/1999/h-bond/h-bond.htm

A gentle introduction to hydrogen bonding and structure in water
by Stephen Lower (retired) Simon Fraser University, BC
http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/aboutwater.html

Hydrogen Bonding vs. London Forces by Fred Senese at Frostburg State U
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/h-bonding-vs-london-forces.shtml

Water and hydrogen bonds by Gordon Rule at Carnegie Mellon University
http://stingray.bio.cmu.edu/~web/bc/Lec/Lec02/lec02.html

   B. Relationship of forces to physical properties and processes
        1. Melting point
        2. Boiling point
        3. Solubility in water
        4. Solubility in nonpolar solvents

C.   Relevance to biology and biochemistry [i.e, the second half of this course]
        1.   The role of water in life
         2. Cell membrane formation
         3. DNA and RNA structure and function
         4.   Protein structure and function