CHEM 30B Dr. R. Rinehart
Quiz 11 Study Guide
Carbohydrate Metabolism

BE ABLE TO:

· FULFILL the objectives in the Quiz 10 study guide

STATE the enzymes involved in the digestion of each major dietary carbohydrate
DESCRIBE the three ways in which monosaccharides are absorbed and the specific sugars absorbed by each
DESCRIBE the basics involved in an oral glucose tolerance test
DRAW and INTERPRET the following oral glucose tolerance curves: normal, prediabetic, diabetic
STATE the numerical value and units of: normal fasting blood glucose, renal threshold for glucose, time normally required for blood sugar level to return to normal in OGTT
DESCRIBE the sites of synthesis, effects on blood sugar level, and the basic mechanisms of action of the following hormones: insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol
IDENTIFY insulin-dependent and insulin-independent organs or tissues
DIFFERENTIATE the two major types of diabetes mellitus and DESCRIBE their consequences
NAME IN SEQUENCE the substrates and enzymes of glycolysis
RECOGNIZE the structures of glycolytic intermediates
IDENTIFY the steps in glycolysis in which:

            • ATP is a substrate
            • ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
            • NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH
            • a major decrease in free energy occurs
            • the intermediates contain 6 carbons
            • the intermediates contain 3 carbons

· STATE the major rate-controlling enzymes of glycolysis and what activates and inhibits each

STATE the net ATP yield for anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis and ACCOUNT FOR each
DESCRIBE three different ways in which cytoplasmic NADH is reoxidized to NAD⁺ and the circumstances in which each is operative
EXPLAIN the major purpose(s) or role(s) of: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis
DESCRIBE the hormonal control of: gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis
STATE the specific subcellular location of the metabolic pathways and processes covered in chapters 12 and 13 and in class